Montrose Dairy

Look after the soil physical and chemical properties and the soil biology will look after itself. That was the key message I took from a recent soil biology forum I attended.

“The diversity of micro-organisms in soils is far larger and more complex than, say, plant and animal populations in the Amazon forests. In fact, a single gram of farming soil will contain more than 10,000 different species of micro-organisms. And that’s only covering different species—there could be multiple thousands of each species, so we’re talking big numbers,”  (Leading microbial ecologist, Dr Damian Bougoure, of Victoria’s Department of Primary Industries)

I was asked to present on Managing soil biology from a farmers perspective. Soil biology is one of many factors which we consider when managing the complex biological system of our dairy farm.

Managing a dairy farm involves considering a diverse range of factors on a daily basis

As part of the forum I was asked to provide some notes in response to three statements which I have included below.

Briefly describe your farming system and in particular nutrient management, or grazing or pasture management and anything you do that has an impact on the soil.

We run a seasonal calving dairy farm where we place a major focus on the production and conversion of perennial pastures to milk. Management decisions on the farm are made based on best available science and best management practice principles. Whole farm nutrient budgeting, taking in to account effluent reuse and on farm nutrient cycling, provides the basis on which our input decisions are made. Soil testing to assist with nutrient budgeting is a key component of soil management. We strive to run a system where we achieve efficient utilisation of all resources.

How does your understanding of biology factor into your decision making?

Our farm consists of brown dermosol soils in undulating country in the foothills of the Hoddle Range. The soil type/classification is quite uniform throughout the area we manage, however management history of our land has a significant impact on our soils.

We farm using a systems approach, soil biology is one component of the farming system. No one component of the system can be managed in isolation, soil and soil biota is a critical part of our system which many management decisions impact on. We recognise the state of the soil biology on our farm is influenced by factors within and outside of our control and as with any other component of our farm we seek to understand and manage for sustainable, healthy and economic outcomes.

Our management regime, like many other dairy farms in Gippsland, ticks many of ‘the boxes’ when it comes to managing soil biology. Our soils are moist for much of the year. We maintain soil cover, our rotational grazing means pastures are grazed down to 1200-1400kg of DM/ha and our average farm cover is maintained around 2000kg DM/ha this means our soils are protected from extremes in temperature and erosion risk is minimised. Highly productive pastures results in large amounts of organic matter cycling in the system. Even efficient pasture utilisation by dairy cows results in around 20% of the grown pastures rotting in the paddock as well as tonnes of rotting roots. Manure direct from the cows and applied though the recycling of our dairy shed waste also contribute to the organic matter added to our soils.

Perennial pastures mean paddocks are rarely cultivated.  It is very rare for a paddock on our farm to be cultivated twice in 10 years.

It seems that there is little known of the impact of agricultural herbicides and pesticides on soil biology.   The way our farm system operates, we rarely require/use any herbicide or pesticide. Other than spot spraying of weeds, only one application of glyphosate prior to the establishment of a new pasture is used on most paddocks.

Lime is applied and incorporated into the soil before any new pasture is established.  The application of lime is a routine practice to ensure our acidic soils remain in the optimum range for our rye grass and white clover pastures.

What are the benefits to you of farming in this way?

The perennial pastures which are rotationally grazed on our farm are supported by productive soils. This allows us to operate a dairy farming system that has a minimal impact on the environment while operating in a volatile world market place.

Any form of agriculture impacts on the environment. Agriculture by its very nature is the removal of products from a farm for human use. We aim to optimise the production of agricultural produce from the land we farm on, efficiently utilising the resources and minimising the impacts.